Why science needs metaphysics (Introduction)

by David Turell @, Monday, October 19, 2015, 14:03 (3109 days ago)

An essay by Roger Trigg:-http://nautil.us/issue/29/scaling/why-science-needs-metaphysics-His discussion covers reasons why 'Science can't tell us whether science explains everything'.-"Their theories provide a framework in which they can operate, but if they are removed not only from actual observation but from what in principle can be accessible to us, our descendants, or even any possible observer in our universe, it is hard to see that they are anything other than the product of pure reason. Just because scientists use such reasoning does not make it science.-"What then has to be the case for genuine science as such to be possible? This is a question from outside science and is, by definition, a philosophical—even a metaphysical—question. Those who say that science can answer all questions are themselves standing outside science to make that claim. That is why naturalism—the modern version of materialism, seeing reality as defined by what is within reach of the sciences—becomes a metaphysical theory when it strays beyond methodology to talk of what can exist. Denying metaphysics and upholding materialism must itself be a move within metaphysics. It involves standing outside the practice of science and talking of its scope. The assertion that science can explain everything can never come from within science. It is always a statement about science.-***-"Mathematics, though, could be claimed to be merely a tool created by the human mind. Why, then, should we assume that it can express in compressible form the workings of physical reality? Those, like Max Tegmark, who assume that the nature of reality is mathematical are making a jump between symbols that seem to be the creation of mind and a reality that not only exists independently of our knowledge of it but also far outstrips any possible knowledge. Tegmark explains the utility of mathematics for describing the physical world as “a natural consequence of the fact that the latter is a mathematical structure, and we're simply uncovering this bit by bit.”1 However, this is itself a metaphysical statement about the nature of reality, logically preceding the conduct of physics.-***-"The logical independence of physical reality from mind and understanding gives science its point. The problem, as philosophers over the centuries have pointed out, is that this can open wide the gate to skepticism. If we are embedded in a reality that can be beyond our reach, how can we hope to achieve any knowledge at all? Perhaps Kant was right, and what we think we know may simply reflect the categories of the human mind. We can perhaps only deal with things as they appear to us. How things are in themselves may forever be beyond our grasp. Alternatively, the reality that we seek to understand may not even be subject to rational understanding. It may be sufficiently chaotic and disordered to be unintelligible. If we are told that this is impossible because science works, we are back with a pragmatic justification rather than a metaphysical one. It may appear convincing, but it is no defense to the worry that we could live in an accidental bay of order on the periphery of a great ocean of disorder. (my bold)-***-"There is such a thing as scientific progress, and it happens through systematic trial and error or, in Karl Popper's terminology, conjecture and refutation. A “scientific realist” has to be wary, though, about how such realism is defined. A realism that makes reality what contemporary science says it is links reality logically to the human minds of the present day. Science is then just a human product, rooted in time and place.-***-" Once the logical independence of reality from science is accepted, the question is why reality has a character that enables it to be understood scientifically. The intelligibility and intrinsic rationality of reality cannot be taken for granted. Even the greatest scientists, such as Einstein, have seen that the intelligibility of the world is a mystery. He famously remarked that “the eternally incomprehensible thing about the world is its comprehensibility.”4 Like the way in which mathematics seems to map the intrinsic rational structure of the physical world, this is presupposed within science and cannot be given a scientific explanation. It appears to be a metaphysical fact, and the explanation for which, if there can be one, must come from beyond science."-Comment: I'm not skeptical, but a pragmatist. We have to accept and use what we can of our senses.

Why science needs metaphysics

by David Turell @, Monday, October 19, 2015, 14:06 (3109 days ago) @ David Turell

ID's view of this essay:-http://www.evolutionnews.org/2015/10/putting_scienti099891.html-"Trigg splendidly puts scientism in its place. We take it for granted that nature is a book that is not only decipherable but eager to be read, as if written to be so. The remarkable mystery of why we can even begin to understand the universe, topped by the enigmatic fact of our physical situation on earth being so extremely convenient for scientific discovery, has of course been a frequent theme of intelligent design advocates."

Why science needs metaphysics

by George Jelliss ⌂ @, Crewe, Thursday, December 17, 2015, 19:51 (3050 days ago) @ David Turell

Just came across this discussion of scientific method 
and thought it might be of interest here.-https://www.quantamagazine.org/20151216-physicists-and-philosophers-debate-the-boundaries-of-science/-I hope you are all well and still as argumentative. 
I've been too busy to look in here on a regular basis.

--
GPJ

Why science needs metaphysics

by David Turell @, Thursday, December 17, 2015, 21:53 (3050 days ago) @ George Jelliss

George:Just came across this discussion of scientific method 
> and thought it might be of interest here.
> 
> https://www.quantamagazine.org/20151216-physicists-and-philosophers-debate-the-boundari... you dropped by. We have mentioned these folks and these views before under several threads. This is a good review article on the issue of 'if it is two beautiful mathematically it must be true, without confirmation necessary". It is a ridiculous approach in my opinion, like Ellis and Silk."-"The crisis, as Ellis and Silk tell it, is the wildly speculative nature of modern physics theories, which they say reflects a dangerous departure from the scientific method. Many of today's theorists — chief among them the proponents of string theory and the multiverse hypothesis — appear convinced of their ideas on the grounds that they are beautiful or logically compelling, despite the impossibility of testing them. Ellis and Silk accused these theorists of “moving the goalposts” of science and blurring the line between physics and pseudoscience. “The imprimatur of science should be awarded only to a theory that is testable,” Ellis and Silk wrote, thereby disqualifying most of the leading theories of the past 40 years. “Only then can we defend science from attack.”-***-"But what requirements must an untested theory meet to be considered scientific? Theorists guide the scientific enterprise by dreaming up the ideas to be put to the test and then interpreting the experimental results; what keeps theorists within the bounds of science?-"Today, most physicists judge the soundness of a theory by using the Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper's rule of thumb. In the 1930s, Popper drew a line between science and nonscience in comparing the work of Albert Einstein with that of Sigmund Freud. Einstein's theory of general relativity, which cast the force of gravity as curves in space and time, made risky predictions — ones that, if they hadn't succeeded so brilliantly, would have failed miserably, falsifying the theory. But Freudian psychoanalysis was slippery: Any fault of your mother's could be worked into your diagnosis. The theory wasn't falsifiable, and so, Popper decided, it wasn't science.
 
"Critics accuse string theory and the multiverse hypothesis, as well as cosmic inflation — the leading theory of how the universe began — of falling on the wrong side of Popper's line of demarcation. To borrow the title of the Columbia University physicist Peter Woit's 2006 book on string theory, these ideas are “not even wrong,” say critics. In their editorial, Ellis and Silk invoked the spirit of Popper: “A theory must be falsifiable to be scientific.”-"But, as many in Munich were surprised to learn, falsificationism is no longer the reigning philosophy of science. Massimo Pigliucci, a philosopher at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, pointed out that falsifiability is woefully inadequate as a separator of science and nonscience, as Popper himself recognized. Astrology, for instance, is falsifiable — indeed, it has been falsified ad nauseam — and yet it isn't science. Physicists' preoccupation with Popper “is really something that needs to stop,” Pigliucci said. “We need to talk about current philosophy of science. We don't talk about something that was current 50 years ago.”-***-"The Munich proceedings will be compiled and published, probably as a book, in 2017. As for what was accomplished, one important outcome, according to Ellis, was an acknowledgment by participating string theorists that the theory is not “confirmed” in the sense of being verified. “David Gross made his position clear: Dawid's criteria are good for justifying working on the theory, not for saying the theory is validated in a non-empirical way,” Ellis wrote in an email. “That seems to me a good position — and explicitly stating that is progress.”-"In considering how theorists should proceed, many attendees expressed the view that work on string theory and other as-yet-untestable ideas should continue. “Keep speculating,” Achinstein wrote in an email after the workshop, but “give your motivation for speculating, give your explanations, but admit that they are only possible explanations.'”-Comment: I'm with Ellis and Woit.

Why science needs metaphysics

by dhw, Friday, December 18, 2015, 20:29 (3049 days ago) @ George Jelliss

GEORGE: Just came across this discussion of scientific method 
and thought it might be of interest here.-https://www.quantamagazine.org/20151216-physicists-and-philosophers-debate-the-boundari...-I hope you are all well and still as argumentative. 
I've been too busy to look in here on a regular basis.-It's always a pleasure to hear from you, George, as one of the very first contributors to this forum. We are indeed as argumentative as ever. David will disagree. (That's a joke.) Interesting article, which offers us enough diversity of opinion to justify caution in all our judgements. Two cherry-picked quotes:-QUOTE: Physicists' preoccupation with Popper “is really something that needs to stop,” Pigliucci said. “We need to talk about current philosophy of science. We don't talk about something that was current 50 years ago.”-Wonderful. So in fifty years' time, scientists won't talk about trends that are current now. Ugh, hardly worth bothering, then, is it? Link this to the next quote: -QUOTE: “Keep speculating,” Achinstein wrote in an email after the workshop, but “give your motivation for speculating, give your explanations, but admit that they are only possible explanations.”
“Maybe someday things will change,” Achinstein added, “and the speculations will become testable; and maybe not, maybe never.” We may never know for sure the way the universe works at all distances and all times, “but perhaps you can narrow the live possibilities to just a few,” he said. “I think that would be some progress.”-You could hardly wish for a more explicit endorsement of the sceptical approach to all universal theories. Our scientists and philosophers are all currently groping in the dark, and there is no more scientific backing for their hypotheses than there is for the hypotheses of the theists and the atheists. Three cheers for Achinstein: yes,we should keep looking, but we should keep our minds open because NOBODY knows the truth.

Why science needs metaphysics

by romansh ⌂ @, Sunday, December 20, 2015, 19:43 (3047 days ago) @ dhw

NOBODY knows the truth.-Ah militant agnosticism ... I don't know the truth and neither do you.

Why science needs metaphysics

by romansh ⌂ @, Sunday, December 20, 2015, 17:47 (3047 days ago) @ George Jelliss

https://whyevolutionistrue.wordpress.com/2015/12/20/is-falsifiability-essential-to-scie... is for me a really nuanced view of falsifiability compared to some of the fare we get here.-Hi George ... nice to have you back.

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