brain plasticity: role of epigenetics (Introduction)

by David Turell , Friday, July 03, 2015, 14:36 (3223 days ago) @ David Turell
edited by dhw, Friday, July 03, 2015, 16:38

When neurons divide, most don't, new histones are made along with the neuronal DNA in each new cell. Histones can modify the way DNA is expressed:-http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/43449/title/Epigenetic-Mechanism-Tunes-Brain-Cells/-"When a cell divides and copies its DNA, it also makes copies of histones, the proteins that spool DNA and regulate gene expression. Since most neurons don't typically divide, scientists have long thought that their histones also remain stagnant. A study published in Neuron yesterday (July 1) is now challenging that view, showing that neurons in mice and in humans switch out old histones for new ones, and that this process is important for brain plasticity.-"Maze and colleagues at Mount Sinai and Rockefeller University examined levels of a histone variant called H3.3 that is known to turn over in other cells, even when those cells are not dividing. They found that H3.3 accumulates with age in neurons from mouse brains and post-mortem human brain tissue. The team used a technique called 14C/12C bomb pulse dating, which takes advantage of the high levels of radioactive carbon released into the atmosphere during World War II, to determine that humans replace H3.3 throughout their lives.-"To further elucidate the turnover process, the researchers fed mice food laced with a radioactive isotope of lysine that could be detected in recently-made histone, and found that mice housed in mentally stimulating environments containing toys and wheels had more H3.3 turnover in their hippocampi, MedicalXpress reports. The scientists also demonstrated a relationship between histone replacement and neuronal plasticity in human and mouse cell lines.-“'Histone turnover, shown through our work with H3.3, is essential for the behavior of brain cells,” Maze said. "